Impact of color vision deficiency on the quality of life in a sample of Indian population: Application of the CVD-QoL tool

Purpose: To investigate the quality of life (QoL) in a sample of color vision deficit (CVD) patients in India and how color vision deficiency affects them psychologically, economically, and in productivity related to their work and occupation. Methods: A descriptive and case–control study design using a questionnaire was conducted on N = 120 participants, of whom 60 were patients of CVD (52 male and eight female) who visited two eye facilities in Hyderabad between 2020 and 2021 and 60 were age?matched normal color vision participants who served as controls. We validated English–Telugu adapted version of CVD?QoL, developed by Barry et al. in 2017 (CB?QoL). The CVD?QoL consists of 27 Likert?scale items with factors (lifestyle, emotions, and work). Color vision was assessed using the Ishihara and Cambridge Mollen color vision tests. A six?point Likert scale was used, with lower scores indicating poor QoL (from 1 = severe issue to 6 = no problem). Results: The CVD?QoL questionnaire’s reliability and internal consistency were measured, including Cronbach’s ? (? =0.70–0.90). There was no significance between the group in age (t = ?1.2, P = 0.67) whereas the Ishihara colour vision test, scores showed a significant difference (t = 4.50, P < 0.001). The QoL scores showed a significant difference towards lifestyle, emotions and work (P = 0.001). The CVD group had a poorer QoL score than the normal color vision group odds ratio [OR] =0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI], (P = 0.002, CI = 0.14–0.65, Z = 3.0) . In this analysis, a low CI indicated that the OR was more precise. Conclusion: Color vision deficiency affects Indians’ QoL, according to this study. The mean scores of lifestyle, emotions, and work were lower than the UK sample. Since CVD is underreported and possibly affects developing countries more, advocacy for a new health care plan on CVD is essential. Increasing public understanding and awareness could also help diagnosing the CVD population

Prevalence of color vision deficiency and it’s relation with ABO blood group among medical students

Background: Normal human beings can appreciate color in all three of it’s attributes; Hue, intensity, and saturation. Human beings can perceive three primary colors, that is, red, green, and blue. Any defect in appreciation of colors is known as color vision deficiency (CVD). Complete inability to appreciate color is known as color blindness. The genes for red and green cone pigments are found in the q arm of the X chromosome. Hence, red and green CVD are inherited as X-linked recessive diseases. Blue CVD is autosomaly inherited. Blood groups are genetically inherited as well. Although it is a known fact that there is a preponderance of genetic diseases in subjects belonging to a specific blood group, no such study was available in Western Odisha as per our knowledge. This becomes more relevant as consanguineous marriages are a serious social problem in that part of Odisha. Aim and Objectives: Therefore, the study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of CVD among Medical students in Western Odisha and to find out it’s relation, if any, with ABO blood groups, as these two entities are genetically inherited. Record should be kept for future use, especially for counseling at the time of marriage and if necessary, to choose a subject for further study, where color detection does not play an important part. Materials and Methods: Prior permission was taken from the Institutional Ethics Committee to carry out this study. The study was carried out among the 1st–4th year medical students of V.S.S. Medical College and Hospital (n = 690) from August 2022 to October 2022. Ishihara test plates for color vision and agglutination method for ABO blood grouping were employed to get the prevalence of CVD and to get the percentage of subjects belonging to each blood group among those having CVD. The observations were noted carefully. Results: After careful screening, it was seen that 647 (93.76%) were normal, 42 (6.08%) had CVD, and 1 (0.14%) subject was completely color blind. All those affected were males. Distribution of blood group in CVD subjects showed 7 (16.27%) numbers belonging to blood group A, 22 (51.16%) belonging to blood group B, 1 (2.3%) belonging to blood group AB, and 12 (27.9%) belonging to blood group O. The only color blind student belonged to blood group B (2.3%). Conclusion: As medical students have to deal with colors throughout their career, the study helps the subjects to be aware of their condition early in their professional life. It also tried to find out the percentage distribution into ABO blood groups. A larger population should be included to get more accurate results.

Comparison of visual function before and after wearing amber filter in low vision patients with primary retinitis pigmentosa / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To compare the visual function of low-vision patients with primary retinal pigmentosa(RP)before and after wearing amber filter.METHODS: Self-control before and after study. A total of 30 patients(60 eyes)with low vision who were diagnosed with primary RP in the ophthalmology clinic of Xi'an No.1 Hospital from August 2021 to March 2022 were collected. The uncorrected distance visual acuity(UCDVA), best-corrected distance visual acuity(BCDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity(UCNVA), best-corrected near visual acuity(BCNVA), visual field and Farnsworth-Munsell(FM)-100 color visions were recorded before and after wearing amber filter. The contrast sensitivity(CS)in three visual environments including bright room, darkroom and darkroom with glare was measured and recorded respectively, and the changes of those parameters were analyzed before and after wearing filter.RESULTS: UCDVA and BCDVA after wearing the filter were better than those before wearing(t=-2.32, P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001; t=-6.77, P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001), while there was no statistically significant difference in UCNVA and BCNVA before and after wearing filter. The visual field index(VFI)after wearing filter was lower than that before wearing(t=8.62, P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001), and the mean defect(MD)of visual field was greater than that before wearing(t=7.73, P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001). FM100 color chess test showed that both total error score(TES)and partial error score(PES)in multiple regions were higher than those before wearing filter(P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001). After wearing, the CS of each frequency band in the environment of bright room and darkroom with glare was higher than that before wearing(P&#x0026;#x003C;0.001), and there was no statistically significant difference in each frequency band before and after wearing amber filter under the environment of darkroom without glare.CONCLUSION: Patients with low vision of primary RP showed improved UCDVA and BCDVA, but unchanged UCNVA and BCNVA after wearing amber filter, while the visual field and color discrimination were worse than those before wearing filter. The CS of the bright room and darkroom with glare environment was improved than before wearing filter, while there were no significant changes in CS under darkroom without glare.

Refractive errors among commercial drivers

Purpose: To determine the pattern of refractive error among commercial drivers in north India. Methods: Descriptive study with convenient sampling conducted among commercial drivers of north India. Results: A total of 213 (75.8%) heavy?vehicle and 68 (24.2%) light?vehicle drivers were screened for eye diseases. Refractive error for distance was reported in 44 (15.7%; 95% CI: 11.6–20.4) drivers. Hyperopia was reported in 23 (8.2%; 95% CI: 5.2–12) drivers, followed by myopia in 15 (5.3%; 95% CI: 3–8.6) drivers and astigmatism in six (2.1%; 95% CI: 0.7–4.5) drivers. Presbyopia was reported in 157 (55.8%) drivers. Dry eye was reported in 70 (24.9%), stereo deficiency in 77 (27.4%), and color vision deficiency in 11 (3.9%) drivers. Three drivers were diagnosed with cataract, and two were referred for retina evaluation. Conclusion: Hyperopia in both eyes was the most common refractive error. Dry eye disease and color vision deficiency were also reported. Most of the drivers were not using spectacles for refractive error correction. Due to their mobile nature, drivers with cataract and retina diseases did not turn up for follow?up.

Pérdida no orgánica de la visión de colores / Nonorganic loss of color vision

La pérdida no orgánica de la visión o pérdida funcional, es un trastorno en el cual se presenta cierta sintomatología visual, sin que haya causa alguna que pueda justificarlo. Se presenta un caso de una paciente adolescente femenina de 16 años de edad, color de piel blanca, con antecedentes oculares de ptosis palpebral derecha congénita y malos hábitos alimentarios. Su motivo de consulta fue pérdida de la visión de colores no constatada inicialmente; luego, debido a su insistencia, comenzamos a notar una disminución progresiva e incongruente de la visión cromática, con parámetros funcionales visuales normales, defectos en campos visuales computarizados no reproducibles y exámenes de electrofisiología visual normales, con recuperación total de este defecto sin tomarse ninguna conducta terapéutica específica. La pérdida no orgánica de la visión se refiere a cualquier defecto visual en la que no se demuestra alteración de las estructuras que se encuentran entre la córnea y la corteza cerebral occipital. Los trastornos de la vía aferente constituyen la manifestación más frecuente. Puede existir disminución, unilateral o bilateral, de la visión, afectación del campo visual o ambos. La visión de colores es usualmente anormal, pero rara vez, es el motivo de consulta. El origen psicógeno es corriente en niños y es más frecuente en mujeres que en hombres. El déficit adquirido de la visión de colores ocurre a consecuencia de una patología ocular, lesión intracraneal o uso excesivo de algún medicamento y, por lo general, se acompaña de pérdida variable de la agudeza visual(AU)

Non-organic loss of vision or functional loss is a disorder in which certain visual symptomatology is present, without any cause that could justify it. We present a case of a 16-year-old female adolescent patient, white skin color, with ocular history of congenital right palpebral ptosis and bad eating habits. Her reason for consultation was loss of color vision not initially detected; then, due to her insistence, we began to notice a progressive and incongruent decrease in color vision, with normal visual functional parameters, defects in non-reproducible computerized visual fields and normal visual electrophysiology tests, with total recovery of this defect without any specific therapeutic behavior. Non-organic vision loss refers to any visual defect in which no alteration of the structures between the cornea and the occipital cerebral cortex is demonstrated. Disorders of the afferent pathway constitute the most frequent manifestation. There may be unilateral or bilateral decreased vision, visual field impairment, or both. Color vision is usually abnormal, but rarely, it is the reason for consultation. Psychogenic origin is common in children and is more frequent in women than in men. Acquired color vision deficits occur as a consequence of an ocular pathology, intracranial injury or excessive use of medication and are usually accompanied by variable loss of visual acuity(AU)

Does methylphenidate treatment affect functional and structural ocular parameters in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? - A prospective, one year follow-up study

Purpose: Methylphenidate hydrochloride, which blocks the reuptake mechanisms of dopamine and norepinephrine, is used in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment. Methylphenidate has many general side effects including ocular findings. In this study, we investigated the long?term effects of methylphenidate treatment on functional and structural ocular parameters. Methods: In this prospective study, children with ADHD were evaluated. All patients underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination before methylphenidate treatment. All patients were examined in the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th months of methylphenidate treatment. Visual acuities, color vision, pupil diameters, static, dynamic and cycloplegic retinoscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL) were evaluated and recorded. Results: A total of 22 children were included in this study. The best?corrected visual acuities (BCVA) of all patients for both eyes were 0.0 logMAR, and 90.9% of patients had blue–purple color weakness before the treatment. After 1 year of treatment, none of the patients had any change in BCVA and color vision. However, an increase in myopic values of static retinoscopy and a decrease in hyperopic values of cycloplegic retinoscopy were found. Additionally, accommodation capacities were found to be decreased and AL was found to be increased significantly for both eyes. Pupil diameter, IOP, and ACD values did not change significantly. Conclusion: Our results suggest that patients with ADHD may have blue color vision deficiencies because of the decreased retinal dopamine levels. Additionally, structural and ocular parameters, especially accommodation capacity, may be affected by methylphenidate treatment.

Daltonismo racional / Rational Daltonism / Daltonismo Racional

Con la técnica de aerografía sobre madera, se crea la obra "Daltonismo Racional", composición planteada en orden cartesiano, iniciando en el plano izquierdo superior con el panel rojo de línea totalmente quebrada, en constante zigzag, seguido a la derecha por el panel verde con gráfico de cigarrillo humeante; luego, en el sector izquierdo debajo del panel rojo encontramos el panel verde con la botella de licor y, finalmente, en la zona derecha inferior hallamos el panel con el gráfico del monitor rojo y línea blanca horizontal. Respecto a sus dimensiones, corresponde a un políptico conformado por cuatro módulos cuadrados, de 36 cm x 36 cm x 7 cm de profundidad. Entre los módulos hay un espacio de 20 cm, lo cual permite la formación de una cruz, por los dos espacios cruzados perpendicularmente. La obra tiene un carácter contestatario, frente a la manera como se pretende financiar la salud pública, debido a que los impuestos generados por la venta y consumo de alcohol y cigarrillos, se destinan para la salud, lo que nos lleva a una paradoja: ¿es razonable pensar que a través del detrimento de la salud de las personas que consumen licores y cigarrillos, se intente solucionar los problemas de salud?, ¿no es acaso la prevención y el no consumo de estas sustancias, lo que nos permite cultivar un mejor estado de salud?

With the technique of airbrushing on wood, the work "Rational Daltonism" is created. This is laid out in Cartesian order, starting on the upper left plane with the red panel with a totally broken line, in constant zigzag, followed to the right by the green panel with a graphic of a smoking cigarette; then, in the left sector below the red panel we find the green panel with the liquor bottle and, finally, in the lower right area we find the panel with the red monitor graphic and horizontal white line. Regarding its dimensions, it corresponds to a polyptych made up of four square modules, 36 cm x 36 cm x 7 cm deep. Between the modules there is a space of 20 cm, which allows the formation of a cross, by the two spaces crossed perpendicularly. The work has an anti-establishment character, as opposed to the way in which public health is intended to be financed, because the taxes generated by the sale and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes are destined for health, which leads us to a paradox: Is it reasonable to think that there is an attempt to solve health problems through the health detriment of the people who consume liquor and cigarettes? Is not prevention and not consuming these substances what allows us to cultivate a better health condition?

Com a técnica de aerografia sobre madeira, é criada a obra Daltonismo Racional. Esta está disposta em ordem cartesiana, iniciando no plano superior esquerdo com o painel vermelho com uma linha totalmente quebrada, em constante ziguezague, seguido à direita pelo painel verde com o gráfico de um cigarro fumando; em seguida, no setor esquerdo abaixo do painel vermelho encontramos o painel verde com a garrafa de licor e, finalmente, na área inferior direita encontramos o painel com o gráfico do monitor vermelho e linha branca horizontal. Quanto às suas dimensões, corresponde a um políptico composto por quatro módulos quadrados, com 36 cm x 36 cm x 7 cm de profundidade. Entre os módulos existe um espaço de 20 cm, que permite a formação de uma cruz, pelos dois espaços cruzados perpendicularmente. La obra tiene un carácter contestatario, frente a la manera como se pretende financiar la salud pública, debido a que los impuestos generados por la venta y consumo de alcohol y cigarrillos, se destinan para la salud, lo que nos lleva a una paradoja: es razonable pensar que a través del detrimento de la salud de las personas que consumen licores y cigarrillos, se intente solucionar los problemas de salud?, no es acaso la prevención y el no consumo de estas sustancias, lo que nos permite cultivar un mejor Estado de saúde?

Ocular side effects in tuberculosis patients receiving direct observed therapy containing ethambutol

Background: India is among the largest countries to implement the revised national tuberculosis (TB) control program (RNTCP). Ocular toxicity of ethambutol has been known since 1962. It can be halted with early detection and cessation of the contributing drug. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to detect early ocular toxicity of ethambutol in TB patients under directly observed treatment strategy (DOTS). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 30 patients getting AKT including ethambutol along with isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide under RNTCP?DOTS center at a tertiary care hospital. The detailed history, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color vision, fundus examination, visual field, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and central subfield macular thickness were carried out in all patients pretreatment and then at the 2nd month of treatment. Results: The mean age of patient was 44.87 years. Reduced visual acuity from the baseline was noted at the second in 23.33% of the right eyes (P = 0.01) and 30% of the left eyes (P < 0.01). Mean temporal RNFL thickness was significantly reduced from baseline after 2 months of treatment (P = 0.046). No significant difference was observed with color vision and visual fields pre- and post-treatment. Conclusion: The assessment of BCVA, color vision, visual field, RNFL, and macular thickness is essential at baseline and thereafter at frequent intervals to detect early ethambutol toxicity and probable reversible visual loss.

Clinically relevant colour album test for the colour defective medical student

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of color vision deficiency (CVD) in medical undergraduates by a more clinically applicable test. Methods: Cross?sectional study of 31 students with CVD (Ishihara diagnosed) asked to identify subject?specific signs/tests requiring color identification on a customized medical multispecialty designed color album test (CAT). They were further subjected to Farnsworth D?15 testing. Results: The error score of CVD students (4 ± 3.2) on 39 plates of color album test was highly significant as compared to the error score of color normal (0.3 ± 0.6). The CAT depicted linear correlation with Farnsworth D?15 and emerged as a valid tool of assessment. Ishihara interpretation did not correlate with the clinical impact of CVD. Nature of error suggests that CVD students can anticipate problems in dermatology, pathology, hematology, microbiology, and biochemistry. Conclusion: Color album test is a more clinically relevant test for CVD doctors to identify specialties where they can anticipate difficulties

Implications of inherited color vision deficiency on occupations: A neglected entity!

Purpose: To highlight the plight of individuals with congenital color vision deficiency (CVD). Methods: This is a retrospective study in which 191 electronic medical records of individuals with the diagnosis of inherited CVD, who visited the eye institute, between January 2010 and January 2021 were included. The inclusion criteria included diagnosis based on the failure in pseudoisochromatic plates (Ishihara / Hardy, Rand and Rittler (HRR) and age range between 18 and 35 years. The patient’s medical history, age, gender, type of defect, and preference for colored contact lenses was noted. Medical records were excluded if the participant had any other ocular pathology apart from congenital CVD. Results: At least 30% (57/191) of the individuals explicitly requested for color vision examination for a job?related purpose. Amongst them, the most common jobs aspired were army (~25%; [14/57]) followed by police (21%; [12/57]). There was only 2.6% (5/191) of individuals in which the type of CVD (protan/deutan) was classified. Only 5.2% of them (10/191) sought an X?Chrome contact lens trial. Conclusion: This study reported the occupational setbacks experienced by individuals with CVD. This study highlights the need to identify CVD at a younger age, thereby avoiding occupational?related setbacks later in life

Prevalence of Dyschromatopsias in the Academic Community of a Medicine School Course / Prevalência de Discromatopsias na Comunidade Acadêmica de um Curso de Medicina

Dyschromatopsia is defined as an abnormality of color vision, a deficiency that can cause difficulties in the day-to-day of some careers in the health area, including medicine, as it makes clinical practice difficult and may lead to potential errors. The objective was identify the presence of Dyschromatopsias in the student and teaching community of UEMS Medicine School course and the repercussions they bring to the performance of activities related to medical activity. It is a quantitative, observational, cross-sectional and descriptive research. 160 individuals were evaluated, including Medicine School students and professors at the campus of UEMS - Campo Grande Unit, by reading pseudo-isochromatic slides from the Book of Ishihara. Data were tabulated in Excel and analyzed using non-parametric statistics. Of the 160 volunteers, 25 were professors (15.6%) and 135 students (84.3%). Most were female. Only 02 of the 58 volunteers (1.25%) surveyed, had color vision deficiency. Both patients with dyschromatopsia were already aware of their clinical conditions, and were classified in the research as having Deutan deficiency (green, red-green by Ishihara plates 16 and 17). The participants denied having a family history of this disease and both reported difficulties in the microscopies study and during medical prescriptions, due to the color of the pens to be used. The prevalence of Dyschromatopsias was 1.25%, and the 2 affected participants in the medical field already had knowledge of their disability. (AU)

Discromatopsia é definida como anormalidade da visão das cores, deficiência esta que pode causar dificuldades no dia-a-dia de algumas carreiras da área da saúde, incluindo medicina, pois dificulta a prática clínica e pode levar a potenciais erros. O objetivo foi identificar a presença de discromatopsias na comunidade discente e docente do curso de Medicina da UEMS e a repercussão que estas trazem para o desempenho das atividades relativas à atividade médica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, observacional, transversal e descritiva. Avaliou-se 160 indivíduos entre discentes e docentes de medicina do campus da UEMS ­ Unidade Campo Grande através da leitura de lâminas pseudo-isocromáticas do Livro de Ishihara. Dados foram tabulados em Excel e analisados via estatística não paramétrica. Dos 160 voluntários, 25 eram docentes (15,6%) e 135 discentes (84,3%), sendo que a maioria pertencia ao sexo feminino. Apenas 02 dos 58 voluntários (1,25%) pesquisados, apresentaram deficiência da visão de cores. Ambos os portadores de discromatopsia possuíam conhecimento de suas condições clínicas, e foram classificados na pesquisa como tendo deficiência Deutan (verde, vermelho-verde pelas placas 16 e 17 de Ishihara). Os participantes negaram ter histórico familiar deste acometimento e ambos referiram dificuldades no estudo das microscopias e durante as prescrições médicas, devido à cor das canetas a serem utilizadas. A prevalência das discromatopsias foi de 1,25%, e os 2 participantes afetados no meio médico já apresentavam conhecimento de sua deficiência. (AU)

A Comparison of Nagel Anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue in Congenital Color Vision Deficiency

PURPOSE: To compare the classification and severity of congenital color vision deficiency using a Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue Test (FM 100-hue).METHODS: A total of 394 eyes of 197 patients diagnosed with congenital color vision deficiency were included. Examinations using a Nagel anomaloscope and FM 100-hue were performed, and color vision abnormalities were classified as a protan color defect or deutan color defect by each test, and the degrees of color vision abnormalities were compared.RESULTS: The tests showed 64.3% (p < 0.001) agreement in the classification of color vision deficiencies. The Nagel anomaloscope was able to classify all cases, whereas 143 eyes (36.3%) could not be classified using the FM 100-hue test. In the case of the same type of color vision abnormality in both eyes, 196 cases (99.5%) using the Nagel anomaloscope and 111 cases (56.3%) using the FM 100-hue were observed. Regarding the degree of color defect, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two tests (r = 0.43; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue (p = 0.087).CONCLUSIONS: The Nagel anomaloscope was a more appropriate test for discerning the degree of color defect and binocular classification. In severity assessments, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two test methods. However, there were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue. Therefore, it was difficult to perform severity classification using the Nagel anomaloscope based on the total error score of the FM 100-hue test.

Prevalence of inherited color vision deficiency among male school students in Nablus, Palestine / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To find out the prevalence of inherited color vision deficiency(CVD)among Palestinian male-school children aged 14-18 and compare it with other eastern and western countries. <p>METHODS: Six hundred and thirty-four male subjects(<i>n</i>=634)aged 14-18 from Palestinian Governorate of Nablus were randomly selected and screened using Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates. Subjects who failed Ishihara screening were tested further with computer software of Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test.<p>RESULTS: Out of the 634 male participants, 597 were included in the study and 8.0% of them(48 males)demonstrated red-green CVD. 5.4%, 2.3% and 0.3% of the 48 males exhibited deutan, protan and total color vision deficiency(monochromacy), respectively.<p>CONCLUSION: The results show that the prevalence of red-green CVD among the male school children from Palestinian Governorate of Nablus is not significantly different from that of male populations in nearby and Western countries.

Correlation of Color Vision to Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Parkinson's Disease / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To investigate the correlation between the change of color vision and anxiety or depression in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods:From November, 2018 to November, 2019, 63 PD patients from the PD database of Department of Neurology, Dalian Friendship Hospital were selected, and they were tested with Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FMT), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Their age, gender, course of disease, education level, Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stage, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRSIII), levodopa dose, and scores of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were collected as related factors, and anlyzed with correlation analysis and multivariate regression. Results:The score of FMT was correlated with the scores of HAMA, SAS, HAMD, SDS, and both HADS anxiety and depression (r > 0.561,P < 0.001). Age, H-Y stage, course of disease, score of UPDRSIII, levodopa dose and scores of MMSE and MoCA were related with the score of FMT independently. Conclusion:Color vision dysfunction in PD patients is correlated to the severity of anxiety and depression, and it is affected with age, severity of PD and cognitive impairment.

Catarata e a expressao cromática na obra de Monet / Cataract and chromatic expression in Monet's work

Resumo Por conta de uma doença ocular, a obra de Monet foi analisada por múltiplas facetas, incluindo o reflexo da deterioração de sua visão nos seus trabalhos, motivo deste trabalho de revisão. Tendo como referência este panorama, propõe-se aqui pensar, por meio de algumas obras marcantes da biografia de Monet, a doença ocular catarata e o seu papel na história de vida deste pintor.

Abstract Due to the ocular disease, Monet's work was analyzed by multiple facets, including the reflection of the deterioration of his vision in his works, reason for this work of revision. With reference to this panorama, it is proposed here to think, by means of some remarkable works of the biography of Monet, the ocular cataract disease and the paper of this in the history of this painter's life.

Evaluation of the color vision acuity pattern of undergraduates of health courses in a Brazilian university / Avaliação do padrão de acuidade visual para cores de acadêmicos da área de saúde em Universidade brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective: The goal of the study is to analyze the color vision acuity pattern in undergraduates of health courses and to discuss the impact of these diseases in this population. Color deficiencies interfere significantly in the daily routine of professionals in the health area who need to discern different color hues in several situations of their everyday practice. Methods: Sixty-four volunteers, undergraduates of health courses of the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), participated in the study. One man was excluded because he did not fit the inclusion criteria. Two groups were analyzed according to sex with the Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue test. Results: There were no significant differences between the eyes and between the groups analyzed. The color vision acuity pattern is between 35 and 40, according to the Total Error Score. The gender issue does not influence the general pattern of the color vision acuity of the health courses undergraduates when those with color vision disorders are removed. Conclusion: Screenings and guidance should be given to undergraduates of health courses so that, aware of their condition of presenting some type of color disorder, they shall make the appropriate decision on which career to follow so that such limitation does not interfere with the quality of their daily life.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo é analisar a acuidade visual média para cores de estudantes da área de saúde e discutir o impacto das doenças que a afetam nessa população. Deficiências cromáticas interferem de forma significativa no dia a dia de profissionais da área da saúde que necessitam de discernir diferentes matizes em diversas situações de sua prática profissional. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 64 voluntários, estudantes de cursos da área de saúde da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, sendo que 1 homem foi excluído por não se adequar aos critérios de inclusão. Dois grupos foram analisados, de acordo com o sexo, com o teste de Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os olhos e entre os grupos analisados. O padrão de visão de cores encontra-se entre 35 e 40, de acordo com a Pontuação do Erro Total. A questão de gênero não influencia no padrão geral da qualidade de visão de cores de estudantes da área de saúde, quando retirados aqueles que apresentam distúrbios da visão cromática. Conclusão: Devem ser realizadas triagens e orientação para estudantes de cursos da área de saúde para que, cientes da sua condição de apresentar algum tipo de distúrbio cromático, possam tomar a decisão adequada sobre qual carreira seguir para que tal limitação não interfira na qualidade de sua vida diária.

Preferência visual cromática em recém-nascidos a termo / Chromatic visual preference in full-term newborns

Resumo Introdução Evidências têm apontado que a preferência visual por cores em crianças com desenvolvimento atípico pode ser diferente, quando comparada à criança sem alterações do desenvolvimento. Embora esse dado representa um importante mediador sobre a trajetória do desenvolvimento, nenhum estudo caracterizou este perfil em recém-nascidos (RN). Objetivo Caracterizar a preferência visual por cores em RN termo nas primeiras horas de vida. Método Estudo transversal com 46 RN posicionados no colo das mães. Para a avaliação da preferência visual por cores foram apresentados seis cartões, sendo metade branca e a outra metade na cor cromática. A prevalência entre as cores foi testada pelo teste Qui-quadrado e considerou-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados 75% dos RN preferiram a cor azul (p=0,001) e apesar da frequência do olhar entre a cor verde e branca ser maior para a cor cromática, não foi detectado preferência entre esta análise (p=0,23). Os únicos cartões que as frequências foram maiores para a o branco foram os cartões com cores amarela e laranja e, ainda assim, não há preferência entre elas (p=0,05 e p=0,37, respectivamente). Conclusão Foi possível conhecer a preferência cromática pelo azul em RN já nas primeiras horas de vida. Considerando que os problemas detectados e ganhos visuais que acontecem ainda no período neonatal irão interferir no desenvolvimento para a vida adulta, sugere-se que uma avaliação da preferência visual por cores possa ser incorporada na rotina do terapeuta ocupacional da Unidade Neonatal, mesmo quando o público alvo for um RN com poucas horas de vida.

Abstract Introduction Evidence has indicated that the visual preference for color in children with atypical development may be different, when compared with child without developmental changes. Although this data represents an important mediator on the developmental trajectory, no study has characterized this profile in newborns (NB). Objective To characterize visual preference for color in full-term NB in the first hours of life. Method This is a cross-sectional study with 46 NBs. Six cards were presented to evaluate the visual chromatic preference, being half white and half in chromatic color. To compare the prevalence of color choice, the chi-square test was applied and the significance level of 5% was considered. Results It was found that 75% of the NBs preferred the color blue (p=0.001) and although the visual frequency between green and white color was higher for chromatic color, no preference was detected (p=0.23). The only cards that had visual frequency higher for white color were yellow and orange, but no preference between them (p=0.05 and p=0.37, respectively). Conclusion The chromatic preference for blue in NBs in the first hours of life was observed. Considering that visual problems and visual gains during neonatal period will interfere with development into adult life, it is suggested that an assessment of visual color preference can be incorporated into the routine of the Neonatal occupational therapist even the NB has few hours of life.

Preliminary data for performance in hue ordering tests during pregnancy

The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.

The evolution of opsins and color vision: connecting genotype to a complex phenotype / Conectando el genotipo a un fenotipo complejo: evolución de las opsinas y la visión a color

Dissecting the genetic basis of adaptive traits is key to our understanding of evolutionary processes. A major and essential step in the study of evolutionary genetics is drawing link between genotype and phenotype, which depends on the difficult process of defining the phenotype at different levels, from functional to organismal. Visual pigments are a key component of the visual system and their evolution could also provide important clues on the evolution of visual sensory system in response to sexual and natural selection. As a system in which genotype can be linked to phenotype, I will use visual pigments and color vision, particularly in birds, as a case of a complex phenotype. I aim to emphasize the difficulties in drawing the genotype-phenotype relationship for complex phenotypes and to highlight the challenges of doing so for color vision. The use of vision-based receiver models to quantify animal colors and patterns is increasingly important in many fields of evolutionary research, spanning studies of mate choice, predation, camouflage and sensory ecology. Given these models impact on evolution and ecology, it is important to provide other researchers with the opportunity to better understand animal vision and the corresponding advantages and limitations of these models.

Entender la base genética de los rasgos adaptativos es un paso crítico en el estudio de los procesos evolutivos. Para estudiar la conexión entre genotipo y fenotipo es importante definir el fenotipo a diferentes niveles: desde las proteínas que se construyen con base en un gen, hasta las características finales presentes en un organismo. Las opsinas y los fotopigmentos son elementos primordiales de la visión y entender cómo han evolucionado es fundamental en el estudio de la visión en los animales como un caracter derivado de selección natural o sexual. Este artículo se enfoca en este sistema, en el que se pueden conectar genotipo y fenotipo, como ejemplo de fenotipo complejo para ilustrar las dificultades de establecer una relación clara entre genotipo y fenotipo. Adicionalmente, este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el funcionamiento del sistema de fotorrecepción, con énfasis particular en las aves, con el fin de enumerar varios factores que deben ser tenidos en cuenta para predecir cambios en la visión a partir del estudio de los fotopigmentos. Dado que los modelos basados en la visión de aves son cada vez más usados en diversas áreas de la biología evolutiva tales como: selección de pareja, depredación y camuflaje; se hace relevante entender los fundamentos y limitaciones de estos modelos. Por esta razón, en este artículo discuto los detalles y aspectos prácticos del uso de los modelos de visión existentes para aves, con el fin de facilitar su uso en futuras investigaciones en diversas áreas de evolución.

The relationship between color vision discrimination ability and depth perception among university students / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Abstract? AIM: To evaluate the relationship between color discrimination ability ( CDA) and depth perception among university students with normal color vision.?METHODS:A total of 52 students, 33 males ( 63.46%) and 19 females (36.54%) from Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, aged 21.18 ±2.52y included in this study. Subject has normal visual acuity ( 20/20 ) and without congenital color vision deficiency ( CCVD ) . They were evaluated by Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plate Test (IPPT).Dominant eye (DE) was determined using the Gundogan Method. The CDA was examined by Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test ( FM100HT ) test for detecting total error score ( TES ) and local error score ( LES) for two eyes ( TE) open, the right eye ( RE) open and the left eye ( LE) open.The error scores were divided into the three groups: for the TE, for the dominant eye ( DE ) and for the non -dominant eye ( NDE ) . The presence of the binocularity and stereoscopic sensitivity ( SS ) were investigated by TNO test which were also divided into four groups according to the level of SS within a range of 480-15 arc/s.?RESULTS:The error scores of FM100HT without gender difference for TES, blue/yellow( b/y) LES and red/green (r/g) LES were found 61.22±30.32(58.50), 35.80±19.32 (36.50) and 25.42 ±14.65 (24.00) respectively.In male subjects (n=31) were found 67.45±29.95 (61.00), 40.25± 18.83 (39.00) and 27.19 ±14.30 (24.00) respectively.In female subjects (n=19) were found 51.05±28.84 (47.00), 25.52±18.32 (28.00) and 22.2±31.13 (23.00) respectively. Females had higher CDA than males according FM100HT error scores. CDA classification according to FM100HT were found to be higher ( 6%, TES=0-20 ) , medium (86%, TES=20-100), lower (8%, TES>100), the medium level was statistically more frequently observed (P<0.05). The r/g color LES for DE and NDE were 24.12±14.70 and 32.20±14.21, b/y color LES for DE and NDE were 34.68 ± 1.95 and 36.24±17.56 respectively.In female (n=19) r/g color LES for DE and NDE were 21.89 ±15.06 and 31.00 ± 22.42;in male (n=31) 25.48±14.55 and 32.93±17.31.In female (n=19) b/y color LES for DE and NDE were 29.63± 18.62 and 33.42±17.38; in male (n=31) 37.77±18.78 and 37.96±17.73 respectively.All students'TES of TE, DE and NDE subgroups and stereopsis level of were compared, the differences were not statistically significant ( P=1 ) . According to our research CDA and binocular depth perception does not effect on each other.?CONCLUSION: In normal subjects TES of FM100HT showed that no difference in the subject with different stereopsis level and the depth perception evaluated by TNO test which is based on color dissociation and the ability to color discrimination was not correlated. Our previous study DE's CDA was found superior to the NDE's.But in the presenting study showed that DE was not superior to NDE in terms of depth perception.